![]() Various methods have been utilized to optimize the full cells with LiNi 0.6Mn 0.2Co 0.2O 2 (NMC) as the cathode and as the anode, delivering a high energy density of 142.8 Wh/kg (357 Wh/L) and a good energy density retention over 80% after 500 cycles with a 10 min fast charging protocol. To mitigate the lithium plating issue, carbon coated porous titanium niobium oxides have been synthesized and evaluated as anode materials for extreme fast charge (XFC) applications in LIBs. The development of electric vehicles (EVs) has been restricted by severe lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with graphite as the anode. This work not only provides new and valuable insights into the interphasial chemistry of solid electrolyte interphase layers, but also sheds light on the development of ultrastable lithium metal batteries. Moreover, the composite Li anode delivers sensational rate capability and cyclability in full-cells. ![]() A small polarization voltage of 13 mV together with an ultralong cycle life of 2400 h at 0.5 mA cm -2 and 1 mAh cm -2 in symmetric Li cells is achieved. ![]() With a uniform Co 3O 4 layer grown in the 3DLCC, an ultralow nucleation overpotential of 33.4 mV is achieved in half-cell tests at 1 mA cm -2 and 1 mAh cm -2, and a high Coulombic efficiency of 97.1% is maintained after 210 cycles under a severe cycling condition of 2 mA cm -2 and 1 mAh cm -2. Taking Co 3O 4 as the lithiophilic material more » deposited on a nickel foam as the 3DLCC for a proof of concept, the loading amount of Co 3O 4, closely correlated with the uniformity of the Co 3O 4 layer, is modulated to optimize its lithium ion hosting performances. Herein, a series of metal oxide-based 3DLCCs are successfully fabricated with a simple and an ultrafast solution combustion method, from which formation of a uniform and stable lithium dendrite-free solid electrolyte interphase via a uniform lithiophilic layer is demonstrated. Additionally, this study reveals the decisive role played by uniformity of the lithiophilic layer of the 3DLCC in achieving uniform lithium plating/stripping. Uniform lithium plating/stripping during charging/discharging in 3D lithiophilic current collectors (3DLCC) is essential to suppress growth of lithium dendrites and to mitigate infinite volume variations of lithium metal for long-lived lithium metal batteries. Through simulation, we show that the no-plating capacity after 10 min charge can be improved by up to ~10.7% more » compared to CCCV charging for a 2.5 mAh cm -2 cell and ~18.8% for a 4 mAh cm -2 cell, when the proposed charging protocols are used. Based on the features of the semi-optimal protocol, two practical novel fast charging protocols are proposed which allow charging the cell at a higher rate without lithium plating. A semi-optimal charging protocol is then developed by automatically modifying the charge current such that the cell is charged at close-to-maximum current without lithium plating. ![]() In this paper, the Pseudo2D battery model is first used to screen some conventional charging protocols proposed for fast charging, including the constant-current constant-voltage charging (CCCV), constant-power constant-voltage charging (CPCV), multi-stage constant-current charging, and pulse current charging. In addition to the developments of advanced electrolytes, active materials and electrodes, the fast charging capability of LIBs can be improved by using optimized charging protocol. In addition to the consumption of cyclable lithium, dendrite-like lithium plating can cause short-circuiting within the cell, which could lead to catastrophic failure. ![]() Excessive fast charge of LIBs can cause severe safety issues, the most significant of which is lithium plating. Relatively long recharge time of high-energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is one of the major obstacles to the widespread deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). ![]()
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